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was sufficient to determine me to their cultivation�此              �for I was not�察�thank 

Heaven�察  �in     a   condition   which   pelled      me   to  make   merchandise   of 

science for the bettering of my fortune�察�and though I might not profess to 

scorn glory as a cynic�察�I yet made very slight account of that honor which I 

hoped   to   acquire   only   through   fictitious   titles。   And�察  �in   fine�察  �of   false 

sciences I thought I knew the worth sufficiently to escape being deceived 

by   the   professions   of   an   alchemist�察  �the   predictions   of   an   astrologer�察  �the 

impostures of a magician�察�or by the artifices and boasting of any of those 

who profess to know things of which they are ignorant。 

     For these reasons�察�as soon as my age permitted me to pass from under 

the control of my instructors�察�I entirely abandoned the study of letters�察�and 

resolved no longer to seek any other science than the knowledge of myself�察�

or of the great book of the world。           I spent the remainder of my youth in 

traveling�察�in visiting courts and armies�察�in holding intercourse with men of 

different     dispositions    and    ranks�察  �in  collecting    varied    experience�察    �in 

proving myself in the different situations into which fortune threw me�察�and�察�

above all�察�in making such reflection on the matter of my experience as to 

secure my improvement。            For it occurred to me that I should find much 

more truth in the reasonings of each individual with reference to the affairs 

in which he is personally interested�察�and the issue of which must presently 



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punish him if he has judged amiss�察�than in those conducted by a man of 

letters in his study�察�regarding speculative matters that are of no practical 

moment�察  �and   followed   by   no   consequences   to   himself�察  �farther�察  �perhaps�察�

than that they foster his vanity the better the more remote they are from 

mon sense�察�requiring�察�as they must in this case�察�the exercise of greater 

ingenuity  and   art   to   render   them   probable。     In   addition�察  �I   had   always   a 

most earnest desire to know how to distinguish the true from the false�察�in 

order that I might be able clearly to discriminate the right path in life�察�and 

proceed in it with confidence。 

     It is true that�察�while busied only in considering the manners of other 

men�察  �I   found   here�察  �too�察  �scarce   any   ground   for   settled   conviction�察  �and 

remarked hardly less contradiction among them than in the opinions of the 

philosophers。       So   that   the   greatest   advantage   I   derived   from   the   study 

consisted in this�察�that�察�observing many things which�察�however extravagant 

and ridiculous to our apprehension�察�are yet by mon consent received 

and approved by other great nations�察�I learned to entertain too decided a 

belief   in   regard   to   nothing   of   the   truth   of   which   I   had   been   persuaded 

merely   by   example   and   custom�察  �and   thus   I   gradually   extricated   myself 

from many errors powerful enough to darken our natural intelligence�察�and 

incapacitate us in great measure from listening to reason。                 But after I had 

been occupied several years in thus studying the book of the world�察�and in 

essaying to gather some experience�察�I at length resolved to make myself an 

object of study�察�and to employ all the powers of my mind in choosing the 

paths   I   ought   to   follow�察  �an   undertaking   which   was   acpanied   with 

greater success than it would have been had I never quitted my country or 

my books。 



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                           SEEKING TRUTH IN THE SCIENCES 



                                      PART II 



     I was   then in Germany�察  �attracted   thither by  the  wars in   that   country�察�

which have not yet been brought to a termination�察�and as I was returning 

to the army from the   coronation of the emperor�察 �the setting in of   winter 

arrested me in a locality where�察�as I found no society to interest me�察�and 

was besides fortunately undisturbed by any cares or passions�察�I remained 

the whole day in seclusion�察�with full opportunity to occupy my attention 

with my own thoughts。           Of these one of the very first that occurred to me 

was�察�that there is seldom so much perfection in works posed of many 

separate parts�察�upon which different hands had been employed�察�as in those 

pleted by a single master。              Thus it is observable that the buildings 

which   a   single   architect   has   planned   and   executed�察  �are   generally   more 

elegant     and   modious       than   those   which    several    have   attempted     to 

improve�察�by making old walls serve for purposes for which they were not 

originally built。      Thus also�察�those ancient cities which�察�from being at first 

only villages�察�have bee�察�in course of time�察�large towns�察�are usually but 

ill   laid  out   pared     with    the  regularity    constructed    towns    which     a 

professional architect has freely planned on an open plain�察�so that although 

the several buildings of the former may often equal or surpass in beauty 

those     of   the    latter�察 �yet    when     one    observes     their   indiscriminate 

juxtaposition�察  �there   a   large   one   and   here   a   small�察  �and  the   consequent 

crookedness and irregularity of the streets�察�one is disposed to allege that 

chance rather than any human will guided by reason must have led to such 

an arrangement。        And if we consider that nevertheless there have been at 

all times   certain   officers   whose duty  it   was   to   see   that   private   buildings 

contributed to public ornament�察�the difficulty of reaching high perfection 

with     but   the   materials     of   others    to  operate     on�察  �will   be   readily 

acknowledged。         In   the  same    way    I  fancied   that  those   nations    which�察�

starting from a semi´barbarous state and advancing to civilization by slow 

degrees�察  �have   had   their   laws   successively   determined�察  �and�察  �as   it   were�察�

forced   upon   them   simply   by   experience   of   the   hurtfulness   of   particular 



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                             SEEKING TRUTH IN THE SCIENCES 



crimes and disputes�察�would by this process e to be possessed of less 

perfect   institutions   than   those   which�察  �from   the   mencement   of   their 

association as munities�察�have followed the appointments of some wise 

legislator。     It is thus quite certain that the constitution of the true religion�察�

the   ordinances   of   which   are   derived   from   God�察  �must   be   inparably 

superior to that of every other。           And�察�to speak of human affairs�察�I believe 

that the pre´eminence of Sparta was due not to the goodness of each of its 

laws in particular�察�for many of these were very strange�察�and even opposed 

to   good    morals�察    �but  to   the  circumstance       that�察 �originated     by   a  single 

individual�察�they all tended to a single end。             In the same way I thought that 

the sciences contained in books ��such of them at least as are made up of 

probable reasonings�察�without demonstrations���察�posed as they are of the 

opinions      of   many     different    individuals      massed     together�察   �are   farther 

removed from truth than the simple inferences which a man of good sense 

using his natural and unprejudiced judgment draws respecting the matters 

of   his   experience。     And   because   we   have  

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